Anatomy of a Stock Purchase Agreement

The initial section of an SPA, termed the Preamble, typically includes the agreement's title, identifies the involved parties, and establishes the contract's commencement date. Additionally, it commonly introduces specific terms like "Seller" and "Purchaser," outlining their definitions within the agreement.

Following the Preamble, the Stock Purchase Agreement typically includes a set of statements initiated by the term "WHEREAS," known as the Recitals. Unlike the binding sections of the agreement, these statements are typically not legally binding. Instead, they serve to outline the intentions of the involved parties and offer context for anyone interpreting the SPA at a later time.

Article 1: Definitions

In many SPAs, Article 1 serves as a section that presents a comprehensive list of defined terms, typically capitalized, used throughout the agreement. These definitions are integral parts of other operative clauses within the contract. For instance, this section might define terms like "Acquired Shares," "Encumbrance," or "Environmental Law." These definitions aren't standalone provisions but are embedded within the broader context of the agreement's operational clauses.

While it might seem easy to overlook these definitions, dismissing them as boilerplate or challenging to understand without context, they hold immense significance. These definitions can significantly impact the implications of the clauses where they're employed. Terms like "Liabilities," "Material Adverse Effect," or "Seller's Knowledge," among others, are frequently utilized throughout the agreement and often become focal points of extensive negotiations. Their precise definitions can substantially alter the interpretation and effects of the respective provisions in which they appear.

In Article 1, beyond defining terms, you'll often find references to terms defined elsewhere in the Stock Purchase Agreement. Additionally, this section might include a segment dedicated to outlining the rules governing the interpretation of the contract.

Article 2: The Transaction

Article 2 in a standard SPA typically outlines the specifics of the stock sale. It includes language detailing the Seller's commitment to sell and transfer, and the Purchaser's commitment to buy and acquire all of the Shares. This section also specifies the purchase price, any adjustments to the price (such as accounting for changes in the target net working capital at closing), and enumerates the documents and items that must be exchanged during the closing. These may encompass the purchase price itself, share certificates, legal opinions, employment agreements, escrow agreements, and other related supplementary documents.

Article 3: Seller Representations and Warranties

Article 3 in most Stock Purchase Agreements involves statements called representations and warranties from the seller. As mentioned earlier, these representations and warranties are factual statements about the past or present state of the business, assets, liabilities, properties, condition, operations, and future prospects of the company or assets being sold. If these statements are inaccurate, the party making these statements might be held liable.

Here’s a long list of subjects that may be addressed by seller representations and warranties:

organization and good standing
authority and enforceability
absence of conflicts
capitalization and ownership
subsidiaries
financial statements
books and records
accounts receivable and accounts payable
inventories
absence of undisclosed liabilities
absence of certain changes and events
assets
real property
intellectual property
material contracts
tax matters
employee benefits
employment and labor
environmental, health and safety
compliance with law
legal proceedings
customers and suppliers
product warranties
product liability
insurance
related-party transactions
guarantees
brokers and finders fees and
full disclosure.

Few, if any, transactions will include all of these representations and warranties, and many of them overlap at least in part.

Article 4: Buyer Representations and Warranties

Article 4 commonly includes reciprocal representations and warranties from the buyer to the seller in most Stock Purchase Agreements. In some cases, these may be housed within the same section as the seller's representations and warranties in Article 3. When the buyer uses shares as part or all of the purchase price, their representations and warranties tend to align closely with those of the seller. However, if cash is the primary mode of payment, the buyer's representations and warranties are generally more restricted in scope since cash is considered straightforward.

Buyer representations and warranties frequently cover some combination of the following topics:

organization and good standing
authority and enforceability
absence of conflicts
governmental consents
legal proceedings
investment intent
financing
brokers and finders fees and
independent investigation.

Article 5: Covenants

In cases where there's a gap period between signing and closing in your deal, typically found in most transactions, Article 5 within the SPA outlines commitments or promises, known as covenants, made by both parties. These covenants dictate their actions during this interim period and extend to their responsibilities post-closing as well.

Typically, within the covenants, there's an "Access and Investigation" clause wherein the seller commits to granting the buyer access to the acquired business, its records, and books before the closing. This access allows the buyer to continue strategizing and executing the integration of the acquired business during the interim period.

In this section, the SPA typically demands that the seller continue running the acquired business as usual, following established past practices, until the closing. Such clauses often detail specific actions the seller must take or refrain from, extensively outlining these tasks. Broadly speaking, the more detailed and comprehensive these lists are, the more advantageous it is for the buyer. These directives on business conduct serve to maintain the business as anticipated by the buyer, preserving its condition similar to what was assessed during due diligence.

Article 5 commonly mandates the seller to promptly inform the buyer about significant developments affecting the acquired business or the transaction. This requirement not only aims to ensure timely updates for the buyer about the business it's soon to own but, depending on the provision's language, allows the buyer to assert a material breach of the SPA or a failure in meeting a closing condition if notified about such a breach or condition failure.

Article 5 often includes a commitment for both parties to make efforts to finalize the transaction, which involves tasks like obtaining regulatory clearances and obtaining consents from third parties.

Article 5 might encompass various other commitments, such as clauses regarding confidentiality, limitations on seeking other buyers, guidelines for public disclosures, preparation of interim financial reports, seller's cooperation with financing, communication with customers, handling employee affairs, and provisions related to indemnification and insurance.

Article 6: Closing Conditions

In cases where there's a gap between signing and closing, the Stock Purchase Agreement will outline conditions that must be met or waived before both parties finalize the transaction. These typically entail ensuring the accuracy of the other party's representations and warranties made initially and at the time of closing, along with compliance with pre-closing commitments. Additionally, securing all necessary regulatory approvals and consents from third parties is usually mandatory. Often, a buyer might also insist, as a condition, that the acquired business hasn't undergone a significant adverse change—one that substantially affects the company's long-term earnings potential. At times, a buyer might negotiate to include a requirement that their due diligence of the target has been satisfactorily completed.

Article 7: Indemnification

Another section within the SPA addresses indemnification rights, allowing each party to seek compensation from the other for losses incurred due to breaches in representations, warranties, or covenants. This indemnification might also cover losses resulting from particular instances, such as an identified environmental issue.

This Article will not only outline each party’s basic rights to indemnity. It also usually:

establishes a survival period for representations and warranties after which claims for breach cannot be brought,
sets limits on indemnification, including a threshold or deductible and a cap,
if applicable, outlines the use of any funds deposited in escrow for indemnification,
lays out procedures to be followed to make indemnification claims and to handle third party claims,
indicates the extent to which indemnification is a party’s exclusive remedy for breaches and
clarifies how losses should be calculated for purposes of any recovery.

Article 8: Termination

Article 6 within an SPA addresses the conditions required for closing, which would lack purpose without the corresponding ability to terminate the agreement and the transaction if any of those conditions aren't met or waived. Each SPA typically includes a section detailing termination rights for each party. These termination rights often encompass not only instances where conditions fail but also termination by mutual agreement, termination by the buyer if the target company experiences a significant adverse effect, termination by either party if governmental or third-party consents are not obtained, or if the deal hasn't closed by a set deadline.

Furthermore, this section outlines the consequences of termination, typically indicating that certain clauses within the SPA will persist despite termination (such as those regarding confidentiality and miscellaneous provisions). It may specify that one party might owe a termination fee or reimburse expenses to the other, and both parties would still be accountable for any breaches that occurred before termination.

Article 9: General Provisions

Nearly all SPAs feature a section, typically termed miscellaneous provisions, covering various subjects like expenses, applicable laws, notice requirements, dispute resolution mechanisms, severability, counterparts, assignment, amendments, and other relevant matters.

Gayatri GuptaDecember 29, 2023

Nasdaq Compliance

The Nasdaq Stock Market features three tiers of listed companies, namely: (1) The Nasdaq Global Select Market, (2) The Nasdaq Global Market, and (3) The Nasdaq Capital Market. These tiers are characterized by progressively stringent listing requirements, with the Nasdaq Global Select Market setting the highest standards for initial listings and the Nasdaq Capital Market serving as the entry-level tier, particularly suitable for most small-cap issuers.

To list securities on Nasdaq, a company must fulfill minimum listing requirements, encompassing defined criteria related to financial performance, liquidity, and corporate governance. Nasdaq retains extensive discretion in the listing process and reserves the right to reject an application, even if the technical prerequisites are satisfied, if it deems such denial essential to safeguard the interests of investors and the public.

After securing a listing on Nasdaq, a company is obligated to adhere to ongoing listing standards. To initiate the listing process, a company seeking inclusion on Nasdaq must diligently complete and submit a comprehensive listing application to Nasdaq. This application should include specific documents and information as outlined by Nasdaq's requirements.

Typically, the application process spans a duration of four to six weeks. Once the application is submitted, a Nasdaq analyst is designated as the primary liaison with the company. Within two to three weeks of submission, the company can expect to receive an initial comment letter. The comment and review process persists until a decision is reached on the approval or denial of the application. Similar to filing with the SEC, a meticulously prepared Nasdaq application tends to attract fewer comments and facilitates a more streamlined process. Generally, the company's securities counsel assumes a leading role, serving as the primary contact for preparing the application and engaging in communication with Nasdaq.

Similarly to the SEC review process, Nasdaq conducts a thorough examination of publicly accessible information pertaining to a company. This encompasses, but is not limited to, SEC filings, the company's website, management communications and speeches, as well as press releases. The iterative nature of the review process typically doesn't necessitate a formal protocol, and communication is commonly facilitated through email correspondence and phone calls.

Listing Criteria For Nasdaq
For a company to list its securities on Nasdaq, it must satisfy the following criteria:

Specific Initial Requirements:
- Quantitative Standards: Meeting defined thresholds for both quantitative and qualitative factors.
- Qualitative Standards: Fulfilling certain qualitative benchmarks.
Continuing Requirements:
- Quantitative Criteria: Adhering to ongoing quantitative benchmarks.
- Qualitative Criteria: Maintaining specified qualitative standards.

The initial quantitative thresholds are typically set at a higher level than those required for continued listing. This distinction aims to ensure that companies achieve a sufficient level of maturity before being listed. Additionally, Nasdaq imposes rigorous corporate governance standards that listed companies must adhere to throughout their tenure on the exchange.

Before formally submitting a comprehensive listing application, a company has the option to pursue a preliminary listing eligibility review. In this stage, the Listing Qualifications Staff conducts a thorough examination of the company's public filings to assess its compliance with numerical listing requirements. Additionally, the team evaluates the company's adherence to corporate governance requirements outlined in the Marketplace Rules ("Rules"). This preliminary review provides valuable insights into the company's eligibility for listing on Nasdaq before committing to the full application process.

Upon completion of the preliminary review, the Listing Qualifications Staff will make an assessment regarding whether the company meets the numerical listing criteria. Additionally, any corporate governance or regulatory concerns raised during this phase will be considered to determine their impact on the listing approval. It's important to note that while the preliminary review provides insights, final approval necessitates the submission of a formal listing application. This application undergoes a thorough examination by the NASDAQ Listing Qualifications Staff. Furthermore, the final approval process involves satisfactory compliance with specific qualitative reviews. This includes an examination of the regulatory history of the company's officers, directors, and significant shareholders. Meeting these criteria is integral to obtaining the final approval for listing on Nasdaq.

Financial And Liquidity Requirements

    Requirements

    Equity Standard
    Market Value of Listed Standard
    Net Income Standard

    Listing Rules

    5505(a)
and
5505(b)(1)
    5505(a)
and
5505(b)(2)
    5505(a)
and
5505(b)(3)
    
    Stockholders Equity

    	$5 million
    	$4 million
    	$4 million
    
    The market value of publicly held shares

    $15 million
    $15 million
    $
      5 million
    
    Operating History

    	Two years
    N/A
    N/A
    
    The market value of listed securities

    N/A
    $50 million
    N/A
    
    Net income from continuing operations (in the latest fiscal
a year or in two of the last three
fiscal years)

    N/A
    N/A
    $750,000
    
    Publicly held shares

    	1 million
    	1 million
    	1 million
    
    Bid Price

    	$4
    	$4
    	$4)
    
    Closing Price

    	$3
    	$2
    	$43
    
    Corporate Governance

    Yes
    Yes
    Yes
    
    Total Shareholders

    300
    300
    300

Corporate Governance Requirements

Across all three tiers of the Nasdaq Stock Market, corporate governance requirements remain largely consistent. The categories encompassing corporate governance standards include:

Distribution of Annual or Interim Reports
Independent Directors
Audit Committee
Compensation Committee
Nomination of Directors
Code of Conduct
Annual Meetings
Solicitation of Proxies
Quorum
Conflict of Interest
Shareholder Approval
Voting Rights

These governance elements play a crucial role in ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct within listed companies, irrespective of the specific tier within the Nasdaq Stock Market.

Companies seeking listing on Nasdaq must adhere to specific corporate governance standards, including the following:

Compensation Committee with Independent Directors:
- The company is required to establish a compensation committee comprised of independent directors.
- The committee must consist of at least two members.
- Rule 5605(d)(2)(A) introduces an additional independence test for compensation committee members.
Responsibility for Executive Compensation:
- The compensation committee is tasked with determining or recommending to the entire board the compensation of the chief executive officer (CEO) and all other executive officers.

These standards are designed to ensure a level of independence and scrutiny in the decision-making processes related to executive compensation within the company.

The Application And Documents

The Nasdaq application package encompasses several key components:

Symbol Reservation Form:
- Used to request the reservation of a specific trading symbol for the company.
Listing Application:
- Requires supplemental documents and details about the company's financials, operations, and other pertinent information.
Listing Agreement:
- A formal agreement outlining the terms and conditions of the listing on Nasdaq.
Corporate Governance Certification:
- A certification affirming the company's commitment to meeting Nasdaq's corporate governance standards.
Initial Application Fee:
- Payable via check or wire transfer, this fee is a prerequisite for initiating the listing process.
Logo Submission Form:
- Used for submitting the company's logo for use in Nasdaq's materials.

These application forms are completed through the Nasdaq website listing center, utilizing the online platform to facilitate the submission of supplemental and supporting documents. It is advisable to thoroughly review all required paperwork in advance, ensuring that the necessary information is readily available before initiating the application process.

Symbol Reservation Form

The symbol reservation form is a concise, one-page electronic form where applicants input information for Nasdaq's consideration. Nasdaq symbols, limited to 1-5 characters, adhere to guidelines established by the Intermarket Symbols Reservation Authority (ISRA). The ISRA system is designed to organize symbols efficiently, prevent duplication, and reduce programming and operational complexities. The ISRA operates within the framework of the NMS Symbology Plan, a plan utilized by Nasdaq.

Key details about the symbol reservation process:

Symbol Choices:
- The form allows applicants to propose three symbol choices in order of preference.
- While Nasdaq generally honors the first choice if available, it retains the authority to assign, rescind, or reassign a trading symbol at its discretion.
ISRA and Nasdaq Authority:
- The ISRA and Nasdaq have overarching authority in managing the assignment of symbols.
Additional Information:
- The form captures essential details about the issuer and the planned public offering.
- Information may include the name of the attorney, lead underwriter (if applicable), CEO and CFO names, yearly revenues, company website, and the sector in which the company operates.

Completion of this symbol reservation form initiates the process of securing a trading symbol on Nasdaq, and it's essential to provide accurate and comprehensive information to facilitate this stage of the listing application.

The Application

The Nasdaq listing application process is comprehensive and varies based on the circumstances surrounding the listing sought. There are twelve distinct listing applications catering to different situations, including changes of control, switches from other exchanges or markets, spin-offs, and initial public offerings (IPOs). Each application, spanning approximately seven pages, collects detailed information about the company, covering areas such as address, contact and billing details, securities attorney and auditor information, transfer agent particulars, and the company's officers and directors. Specific information on the company's securities, including type, par value, and cusip number, is also required.

Furthermore, the application mandates disclosure of legal proceedings involving the company, its officers or directors, or significant shareholders over the past ten years. This encompasses inquiries, investigations, lawsuits, litigation, arbitrations, and other legal and administrative proceedings. Documents supporting the backup and final disposition of these matters must be provided.

Regarding private offerings within the prior six months, including bridge financings, shelf registrations, and Regulation S offerings, the company is required to disclose such activities. Additionally, the application delves into the company's background, posing questions to ensure compliance with seasoning rules.

While Nasdaq retains the right to request relevant supporting documents, specific documents are mandatory based on the application type. For an uplisting from an existing U.S. market, the application must include letters from three market makers confirming their commitment to making a market in the subject securities. Other required documents include a listing agreement, a logo submission form, a corporate governance certification form, regulatory correspondence over the past 12 months, and shareholder confirmation documents. Nasdaq often seeks confirmation from the company's transfer agent regarding the eligibility of the security for the direct registration program (DRS).

During the review of an up listing application, Nasdaq may request additional information, such as a Broadridge share range analysis and NOBO list, a certified shareholder list, details about mitigating any going concerns or opinions, income statement and/or balance sheet projections for the next 12 months, and confirmation of Sarbanes Oxley Section 302 and 906 certifications by the company, among other inquiries related to compliance and financial matters.

The Listing Agreement

The Listing Agreement is a concise document, spanning two pages, serving as a formal affirmation of the company's commitment to adhere to all rules and regulations set forth by the Nasdaq Stock Market. It includes provisions for indemnifying and holding Nasdaq harmless from liability. Notable points in the agreement include:

Compliance Assurance:
- The company explicitly agrees to comply with all rules and regulations stipulated by the Nasdaq Stock Market.
Indemnification Clause:
- The company indemnifies Nasdaq, meaning it undertakes to compensate or reimburse Nasdaq for any losses or damages incurred. This includes harm resulting from third-party trademark infringement claims related to the company's symbol and logo, as well as Nasdaq's use of the same.
Disclaimer of Warranty and Liability:
- The agreement contains a disclaimer of warranty and liability against Nasdaq for trading issues, with the exception of those resulting from gross negligence or willful misconduct.

This agreement establishes a clear framework for the relationship between the listed company and Nasdaq, emphasizing the company's commitment to regulatory compliance while providing indemnification for certain specified matters and delineating the scope of Nasdaq's liability.

Corporate Governance Certification Form

The corporate governance certification form certifies compliance with the governance requirements related to an audit committee, director nomination process, compensation committee, board composition, executive sessions, quorum, and codes of conduct. Where an exemption applies, the form requires specification of the exemption terms. The document specifies the different rules and exceptions in a check-the-box format.

Logo Submission Form

The logo submission form contains the guidelines for the logo and affirms Nasdaq’s rights to use the same. Nasdaq uses company logos in its marketing materials, on the MarketSite Video Wall and Tower, and websites.

Fees

Entry fees are based upon the aggregate number of shares to be listed at the time of initial listing, regardless of class, with a maximum cap of $75,000. Fees are assessed on the entry date in The Nasdaq Capital Market, except for $5,000, representing a non-refundable application fee. This fee must be submitted with the company’s application.

Nasdaq does not charge application or entry fees for any securities transferred from a national securities exchange.

Benefits Of Trading On An Exchange

There are many benefits to trading on an exchange instead of the OTC Markets. The most significant benefits to a business are the ability to attract analyst coverage and institutional investors and the corresponding increase in liquidity that comes with both. Stocks that trade on Nasdaq tend to have a lower bid/offer spread — again encouraging trading volume and liquidity. Exchange-traded securities are exempt from the penny stock definition, allowing more market maker and broker-dealer participation. As further explained below, a broker-dealer cannot recommend a penny stock transaction to its retail clients. Therefore, no analysts, financial advisors, or institutional investors make recommendations for purchases of penny stocks.

As an aside, this is one of the reasons that OTC Markets created the OTCQX market tier, which does not list penny stocks. It is also why the small-cap industry is pushing for a supported valid venture exchange (for further reading.

In today’s world, depositing stock and/or trade-in non-exchange traded securities is increasingly difficult. Despite the congressional efforts and SEC rulemaking in support of small-cap capital formation (for example, the JOBS Act, including the emerging growth company regulations, new Regulation A+ and Title III Crowdfunding and the new FAST Act), through enforcement and investigative proceedings, both the SEC and FINRA continue to apply pressure on broker-dealers, clearing firms and transfer agents to reduce the secondary trading and free flow of penny stocks. For more information on difficulties in depositing stocks.

Further On Penny Stocks

NASDAQ and NYSE MKT traded securities are exempted from the definition of a “penny stock” due to the initial and ongoing listing standards. Penny stock rules focus on broker-dealers’ activity in effectuating trades in penny stocks. The Securities Enforcement Remedies and Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990 (the “Penny Stock Act”) prohibits broker-dealers from effecting transactions in penny stocks unless they comply with the requirements of Section 15(h) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The rules promulgated thereunder, particularly Exchange Act rules 15g-1 through 15g-100 (the “penny stock rules”).

Section 15(h) of the Exchange Act provides that no broker or dealer may effectuate a customer’s purchase or sale of any penny stock unless such broker or dealer.

Approves the customer for the specific penny stock transaction and receives a written agreement to the transaction from the customer.
Furnishes the customer a risk disclosure document describing the risks of investing in penny stocks.
Discloses to the customer the current market quotation, if any, for the penny stock, including the bid and ask prices and the number of shares that apply to such bid and ask prices.
Discloses to the customer the amount of compensation the firm and its broker will receive for the trade.

In addition, after executing the sale, a broker-dealer must send its customer monthly account statements showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account.

Moreover, brokers and dealers subject to the penny stock rules are subject to additional disclosure requirements outlined in Rules 15g-2 through 15g-9. For my information on penny stocks and the rules affecting broker-dealer activity.

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